Thursday, December 21, 2006

Thank You Folks, Good Night!

Remember that episode of Seinfeld when George figured out that he should always leave on a high note. He cracks a joke, people in the meeting laugh, and he figures that's the best time to make his exit because it will go downhill from there.

I'm at the point now where I would like to leave my internship. Not leave for good, but I've been ending on a high note on most days, and I know that this run will end soon. We had a PPT meeting where I had to deliver results to some parents today. The kid had some major attention problems in testing and in the classroom. After ruling out other things and looking at the behavioral scales, we figured that ADHD was the logical choice. It kind of sucks though, while you get a high of figuring out what is wrong with the child, you don't get the satisfaction of telling the parent that you have the cure and the child will be fine in a couple of days. That's the part that's missing. We just get to deliver the news and then offer a plan and a label. Fortunately, the parents were aware of the child's attention problems, so ADHD wasn't a new concept for them. They thanked me for doing the evaluation. They thanked me. That was pretty cool. I got the chance to pass out some literature on ADHD and it made me feel useful, like I was offering some information to help them understand their child better. And to top it off, my supervisor and others told me that I did I good job reporting my results. That was cool.

Of course all this means that I will punched in the face by a 9 year old really soon. I need to go work on my reflexes.

BBC

Tuesday, December 05, 2006

Racial Balance

So the Supreme Court is handling a new case on racial balance of schools. This court is traditionally conservative so I think it will call the recent practices of schools in Kentucky and Washington as unconstitutional. The sad thing is that most people go to schools that are not racially balanced. I was lucky enough to go to a school with a student population that actually mirrored the demographics of the town.

Right now I'm working in a suburb that has a wealthy part of town and a poor part of town. Children on the south side don't get the resources that children on the north side do. It was interesting to look at a district map that showed how neighborhoods were divided in order to determine where students went to school. I've heard of gerrymandering, but my district is ridiculous. My school's zone looks like a double diamond. All the surrounding areas are a little more wealthier, but not by much. But it is interesting to see how the school zone looks. Who was responsible for determining which streets were in our zone? How is that determined? It just doesn't seem completely legit.

BBC

Friday, November 17, 2006

Today Was a Good Day

Today was great. It was the perfect way to end the week. I had to finish an assessment so that I could write the report over the weekend and hand it in on Monday. The kid that I've been testing was reluctant to come with me because he hated being pulled out of class. Today I had to be done with the testing, and I was feeling the pressure of the deadline. Of course when I sat down to prepare for testing I get call over the intercom to report to the office.

I get there and I'm told to see as distraught student in one of the classrooms. When I got there, the teacher told me that the student told her that she had a fight at home and she needed to talk to someone. I sat down with the student, and I was able to get her to open up to me and tell me what was going on. There were a lot of issues happening at home. Today, she had a fight with her sister which escalated into the police being called. Apparently, this student's family are no strangers to family services. After I got the necessary information I tracked down some resources and made sure she was able to get back to class.

I was finally able to start testing,. I had been trying to complete academic achievement testing and I only had a couple of subtests left. My student had a math test first, and then we finally met. Of course, by this time he had art class coming up, so we only met for a few minutes and then I had to dismiss him. Then I was off to meet with my supervisor. The meeting went well, and I received a good evaluation. It was nice to get some real feedback about what I can do to be better.

At the end of the day I was able to finish testing (whew), score it, and figure out how it will fit into my report. And the clincher, I was able to reconnect with a student that was mad at me because I failed to uphold my end of an agreement. He had been mad at me for weeks because I forgot to let him play basketball as a reward for good behavior. After using a teacher as a liasion, I approached him and asked if he wanted to play, he thought about it and said yes. I'm glad he finally agreed, because I was starting to wonder how long he was going to hold that grudge.

BBC

Wednesday, November 15, 2006

School Security Update

So my school really stepped up its security. It went from a school with an open front door that led directly to the indergarten with no one present to check on a visitor's nature of business, to a school with all locked doors, security cameras, a buzzer, and key passes for all personnel. I'm glad that finally happened, that was way overdue.

BBC

Tuesday, November 07, 2006

Election Day

Another election, and no mention of No Child Left Behind. What else am I supposed to rant about? The war? Anyway, I ran across this article in the NY Times. It's an interesting story about people on the spectrum.

BBC

Friday, November 03, 2006

Hell Hath No Fury

Hell hath no fury like an 11 year old scorned. I made the mistake of not following through with a reward system. An 11 year old that I'm working with didn't get his weekly award and was pissed at me the next time I saw him. It wasn't my fault, because his teacher told me that the program wasn't working. "Not working" equals "scrapped" to me, so I figured that the program had been dropped. Lo and behold, the kid was doing well and earning his checks. I was the one who didn't follow through, so now I look like an ass. I'm hoping that this will just blow over, but when I talked to someone who knows him well, she said that he doesn't let anything go, he holds grudges for a while. Great.

BBC

Tuesday, October 31, 2006

Who Are You Calling A Bully?

Today, I had my first IEP meeting with a parent. I had to present results from my evaluation. I prepared my presentation, but the parent didn't show. At first I was relieved, but then I was disappointed because I spent 25 hours writing that report, and I wanted the payoff. Well, I got the chance to do a mock presentation, and I'm glad it wasn't for a real parent because I made a little mistake.

I was giving my interpretation of the behavioral scales and I was mentioning some of the ciritical behaviors that the teacher noticed. I made the statement that the child sometimes bullied other children. The social worker, who was playing the mother, flipped out on me. "Who are you calling a bully? Are you calling my child a bully?" Shit! Now what? I had to stop the presentation and ask what to do. Basically I never call someone a bully, unless the parent has mentioned that before as well. Of course that all makes sense now, but I would have had my ass handed to me if I had said that to the parent. I guess that's why I'm an intern. I still have a lot to learn.

BBC

Monday, October 16, 2006

The Principal's Office

As an intern I'm trying to soak up every single experience. On days when we've had meetings I've attended most of them. Sometimes it does get ridiculous the number of people who show up for the meetings. For some meetings there could be the principal, reg. ed. teacher, spec. ed. teacher, school counselor, school psychologist, social worker, nurse, and mental health interns. That's not including the parent. I can see how the whole experience can be unnerving, especially for those people who are uncomfortable with being in school.

For a parent that spent too much time in the principal's office, coming back to school to discuss their child must be horrifying. I think I will be a little more receptive of this and not attend so many meetings. Besides, I have plenty of things to keep me busy.

BBC

Wednesday, October 11, 2006

Predator

This is just sickening. From the NY Times. Apparently if you were a young teenage boy in
Bayonne, NJ this woman was probably hunting for you.

BBC

Thursday, October 05, 2006

TAG, You're Not It

Our district was putting the squeeze on the elementary schools to get their testing done for gifted students. I volunteered to help my supervisor out, since it would give me more pratice administering an IQ test. I was only giving the verbal subtests, so I knew it wouldn't take me that long.

I forgot that one of the plusses of testing lower than average kids is that they often don't know what they don't know. (That was an overly PC way of saying, "They're to dumb to know they got something wrong.") Sometimes that innocence is truly bliss. The kid I tested started crying at the end of the test. When I asked him what was wrong, he told me that he knew he got the last few questions wrong. Well, it didn't take a genius, he answered "I don't know" to most of them. I really felt sorry for him. Who knows what kind of pressure he was feeling or put upon himself to do well. That made me depressed at the end of the day. I don't know if he will qualify, his verbal score was just a little short.

Why is verbal capability the sole factor for determining giftedness? I know about C-H-C theory and g but isn't there more than just verbal skills. The kid seems to be pretty sharp at math, hopefully he will get some enrichment. My supervisor believed that his verbal score would qualify him for at least enrichment. That's good, because he's a great kid and I would hate to see him get lost in the shuffle. He could do whatever he put his mind to.

BBC

Wednesday, October 04, 2006

Hablas ingles???

So I've been rolling along with my assessment and counseling cases so far. There is this one kid that I haven't met with yet and I realize that it's because I need to speak to the parents first. My supervisor suspects that the parents only speak Spanish, so communicating with them will be hard. My Spanish is really rusty, so I have been reluctant to call them. I really don't want to get caught on the phone sounding like an idiot. I need to take a refresher course in Spanish pronto. It's really silly for me not to. I would be extra attractive as a school psychologist job candidate if I could add Spanish to my repertoire. Tons of school districts need bilingual school psycholoigists, I need to get this done. I know that if I took the time to refresh myself and spent more time speaking with others, I could be a decent Spanish speaker. I won't be translating Cervantes anytime soon, though.

BBC

Tuesday, October 03, 2006

School Shootings, Should I Be On Alert???

All the recent school shootings sort of have me on edge. I had a meeting with my supervisor today and we sort of glossed over it. I wish we were a little more proactive about what to do if something happens. We have a crisis plan, but I'm not sure what it entails. We don't have metal detectors in my school, and I don't think they are necessary, it is an elementary school. But some of these recent shootings involved outside people coming into the school and holding children hostage. That could happen just about anywhere, but I hope it doesn't happen in my school.

All this coverage makes me wonder about copycats. I wonder if the news coverage gives some disturbed people the idea of shooting up a school. I'm not trying to blame the media, but you do have to wonder.

BBC

Wednesday, September 27, 2006

Take It To The Limit

First thing this morning my principal walks up to me and pulls off my name tag. "Let's see how well people will remember your name now." Then he just walked away. It caught me off guard because I had heard that most interns had to wear nametags well into the school year. After 3 weeks my nametag is gone. That's good, I felt like a visitor wearing that damn thing all the time.

So after I tested my kid's cognitive ability today I decided to go back and test the limits on some of the visual perception tests. With some more structure and no time limit, the kid was able to complete most of the tasks. This was a far cry from yesterday when he was not performing well. So now I have to acknowledge the need for structure in my recommendations. I was glad to see that he was able to do the tasks.

BBC

Tuesday, September 26, 2006

Testing, testing, 1..2..3...

I was given my first evaluation assignment today. It was good to be working with a real kid. I've been practicing on the neighbors, children of friends, and some of my friends. I've practiced on some locquacious individuals. It was refreshing to work with someone who didn't give wordy answers for a change. When you work with children of superior intelligence, your idea of what's average becomes skewed. Practicing on the children of lawyers and doctors will do that to you. Working with the majority of children in our schools will show you what average really means. These children are, well, average.

I originally thought the kid I was working with had vision problems because when he worked on recreating patterns with blocks, they never matched the example. I was starting to freak out because I had never had someone do that poorly on that task. But as we went along he started to perform better. Whew!!!

When I thought about my first day of testing I realized that I probably didn't take the time to build good rapport. I have to remember that this is all a learning process. I guess the kid needed to warm up to me as well.

BBC

Friday, September 22, 2006

Jerry Springer Mom

Sometimes you meet people and you think "Is this for real?" We had a meeting today with a parent who was concerned about her kid's reading ability and behavior in school. We were able to determine that the kid is actually on target academically. He just needs to gain more confidence.

The mother was going on and on about how the kid's former school never kept her informed. Then she starts talking about how she wasn't really there for the kid the first few years of his life. She told us that she was a recovering addict. She told us that she also did some illegal things in the house when she was an addict. I assumed she meant prostitution. I guess the meeting was like therapy for her because she just kept opening up to us. I remember thinking, "Please stop talking." She kept saying things like, "I probably shouldn't be telling you this..." Please, don't tell us anything! I kept looking at the kindergarten teacher's face and she kept trying not to cringe. It got to the point where I had to stop looking at other people in the room because I was afraid that I would start laughing.

The feeling I had about the case quickly deteriorated. At first things seemed positive because the child didn't have as many academic issues as we first believed. But after the mother kept spilling things I became wary of the whole situation. 18 year old daughter that returned home, sugar daddy serving as the kid's father, implied prostitution, and the clincher, she had been clean for only 60 days! The whole time she presented herself as being a recovering addict for the past couple of years. Everyone was under the impression that she had been clean for a lot longer. Alarm bells went off. We will have to keep an eye on this kid's home situation.

Thursday, September 14, 2006

I Spy

Today was all about observations. I observed several classes to see different teachers' styles. I also observed some of the kids I'll be working with. I observed a special education class where children were working on reading and math. It was good to see the detailed instruction that the children received.

I also spent a lot of time reading files today to prepare for counseling and assessments. The case histories are always really interesting. It's like doing detective work, "Here's the evidence that's been gathered, what do you make of it?" So far I have found a few inconsistencies with one of the files. I like trying to follow the paper trail to see where someone screwed up. I guess it's still fun because I haven't put faces or personalities to these files yet. Once they become real I'm sure I'll feel differently. Until then I'll continue to read files with the Law & Order chime going off in my head. Dong-dong!

BBC

Wednesday, September 13, 2006

I Want My Mommy!

Today I had to eat lunch with a kid who was distraught because he missed his mommy. Actually I should backtrack, I was sitting an eating lunch when there was an all page for support services to report to the nurse's station. When I arrived the nurse filled me in on this child who was not having a good time at lunch. He was sobbing and telling me that the only thing that would make him feel better was to go home and see his mother. I told him that I would eat lunch with him and the nurse was going to try and call his mother.

We found an office where we could eat and he started to calm down a little bit. I finally convinced him to take out his lunch. Did you know they finally changed Capri Sun packages, now the little straw hole is made of a thinner material. Do you remember trying to poke your straw through the old packages and having the straw tear a gash into the package? Was it only me? I swore off of them after it happened a couple of times. I don't like wearing Capri Sun. Sorry for the tangent.

As we talked I realized that this kid had a really good point. He wanted to see his mom because when he went home from school she was only there for a short time before she left for work. She returned from work after his bedtime. He hardly got to see her. I would be throwing a tantrum too. There are many parents that are working 2nd and 3rd jobs just to make ends meet. Kids like the one I dealt with don't see their parents either. Why isn't this addressed? This must have larger implications on education.

BBC

Tuesday, September 12, 2006

Consoler of Small Children

I think that's what my cards should say, "Consoler of Small Children." It seems like that's what some people think is my job so far. In some ways I don't mind because it gives me some practice with working with small children. But I wonder how many of these teachers actually try to resolve the situation themselves? At what point am I called in?

I received my counseling and assessment cases. Those should be good. Now I just hope parents are willing to have their children work with an intern.

Thursday, September 07, 2006

I Froze

Today I froze when I could have handled a situation. I wasn't ready to dive right into a situation until I was acclimated to the school. Well, a teacher ran into the teacher's lounge when I was having lunch and asked for support services. Then she pointed at me and said, "You!?" And I looked at her and shook my head no." I probably had a look of sheer terror on my face. I really didn't know what kind of crisis was happening and I didn't want to get involved in something crazy just yet. In the end it was a crying child. I'm starting to sense a trend here.

For the majority of the day we looked at the special ed modifications that students required in the classroom. We discussed these with the teachers. Most of them seemed receptive to the information. There were a couple that didn't take it seriously. I was glad to see my supervisor remind them that the IEP was a legal document to be taken seriously. I was able to get the inside scoop on teachers that were likely to cause problems by not adhering to the modifications that were suggested. We shall see.

BBC

Wednesday, September 06, 2006

Words

On my second day, I walked around the school and spent some time observing classes. I sat in on an interesting lesson in one of te first grade classes. For homework the students had to find words that they knew and bring them to class the next day. Most of the words that the children knew were brand names like Disney and Coca-Cola. Some of the children brought in cereal boxes, and this showed how much they identified cartoon characters with food products, e.g. Fred Flintstone and Fruity Pebbles. The lesson was a very interesting way to show children how much they know about words. I could see it being useful for encouraging children who have reading difficulties. Although, it is scary how effective marketing can be to children. Here's an article about the increase in demands on first graders.

BBC

Tuesday, September 05, 2006

First Day

So I started. I'm in an elementary school and I was encouraged by the fact that many of the children were new to the school. Kindergarteners crying and transfers from other schools, towns, states and countries; we were all new today. Misery loves company.

First thing in the morning we had a child that was having a meltdown outside the school. He was afraid to start 1st grade. I watched the school psychologist console him. Correction: I watched the school psychologist console him from far away. I was supposed to be shadowing her, but I wasn't sure how close I needed to be to her at all times. I saw her talk to the parent for a few minutes and before I knew it, the car sped off and my supervisor was left alone on the sidewalk with the child. I made my way over, but I was little scared and excited. At first I was thinking, "Yes, a little excitement in the morning!" But then I realized that I didn't really know what to do. I watched my supervisor do her thing and I was impressed. It took a good amount of time, but she convinced a scared 6 year old to put on his socks and shoes (yeah, he arrived barefoot) and go to class. Actually she put his socks and shoes on for him and carried him into the building. But we were able to convince him to go into the classroom. By the end of the day he seemed fine. I guess that was one victory. Maybe I should keep count, I may need to remember all the little victories.

BBC

Wednesday, August 09, 2006

Recent Education Articles

Summer's been long. I'm not complaining, but there is very little happening education-wise for me. I did run across a couple of articles in the last two weeks. Here's one. Here's the other.

BBC

Sunday, June 11, 2006

The Chosen One

Sometimes you come into a situation where you're seen as the golden child. You go to a job interview and people there have read your resume, googled you, looked over your transcripts, read recommendations and have been really impressed with you; the on-paper version. They just hope you match up in person. The disconcerting thing is that while they have already anointed you as the chosen one, you still have to figure out if you really want the job. I had this experience when I went to interview for my internship.

As I waited for the school psychologist, my potential supervisor, to meet with me, I got a quick sense of what the school may be like. For starters, it was nice to walk into a building and be acknowledged. Why can't other schools understand this? I'm a stranger in your school, shouldn't someone address me to find out who I am and why I'm wandering through your building? The receptionist paged the school psychologist for me and I waited for her in the lobby. We met and the first thing she said was, "I was really excited to meet you after I read your resume. I was really impressed. I hope you're as good as you sound on paper." First of all, that was very disarming, the last thing you expect in an interview are accolades from the interviewer, especially ones that are that glowing. Second, I was coming into this interview relaxed. It wasn't for a job, it was for an internship. The important thing was for me to see if it would be a good fit. I would be spending the rest of my academic career in this school, I needed to make sure that I would get what I needed from it to prepare me to be a real school psychologist. To make matters worse, the very next person I met is the prinicipal, and she had more compliments and hoped that I would pick the school. Now I began to feel really paranoid. The last time I was in a similar situation was when I applied to the University of Virgina and was on campus for an interview. Everyone I saw on campus greeted me and said hello. At first I believed that everyone was told to say hello to the candidates, but then I realized that it was just Southern hospitality. But I digress.

We sat and spoke about how the school psychologist does her job in the school on a day-to-day basis. Her job is multi-faceted, which I liked a lot. She does everything, including testing, counseling children, consulting teachers, and working with parents. I was impressed, and I got a chance to see her in action that day.

After we spoke for a few minutes I got a tour of the school. I haven't been in many schools, but I like how this one was set up. The lower grades were all clustered together in pods. It reminded me of the end of an airport terminal. Each grade level had a resource room available for those chidlren with special needs and a planning room for teachers. This set up allowed for easy collaboration among teachers. It was nice to see how the building fostered a sense of community.

During our tour the principal pulled us into a meeting with a couple of cops. Apparently there had been a recent incident involving bullying and group of about 5 students intimidating another student. This gave me an opportunity to see how the school psych. works with the community as well. The cops were called in because parents in the neighborhood were feeling threatened by "roving gangs of youth". It seemed like the worse these "gangs" were doing was loitering, and possibly some vandalism. The concern of the police and the prinicpal was how to stop this before it turns into something serious.

To understand this problem I had to understand the nature of this suburb. For the most part, the town as a whole wants to ignore the problem. Most people want to say that the problem exists across the border into the neighboring city. They don't want to acknowledge the fact that it is happening in their town. This lack of acknowledgement means that there are no programs that can deal with this problem within this particular neighborhood or section of town. The sad thing is that it isn't a problem, yet. It's merely an annoyance that could quickly escalate if nothing is done to stop it. I'll keep my eyes and ears open this summer.

Overall I liked what I saw. I observed the school psychologist teach social sklls to a 4th grade class. It was nice to see the school psychologist do a variety of things throughout the day. I felt like I saw a lot of positive things during my visit and interview. I didn't really see anything negative, but I'm sure I will witness something one the school year begins in the fall. Nonetheless, I am ready to finally be in a school where I can do some good (hopefully). I hope I will be half as good as everyone expects me to be.

BBC

Wednesday, May 17, 2006

Semantics-Antics

I hope this isn't a new trend, but it seems as if some people are using the terms "mentally disabled" "intellectually disabled" and "learning disabled" interchangeably. This could cause a lot of confusion. There's a recent article I read on Newsweek.com that talks about colleges admitting the intellectually disabled. But in the heading of the web browser it reads "More Colleges Welcoming Learning Disabled." Two different populations are being referred to in this article. Mentally disabled and intellectually disabled are now the terms used to refer to what was once known as mentally retarded. Learning disabled refers to those who have difficulties in school, but have at least an average IQ. (That's a very brief defintion of LD.) The most common learning disability is a reading disability also known as dyslexia.

Those with learning disabilities have always been able to go to college. And most public universities and colleges accomodate students with needs. It is good to see that some colleges are admitting students who are intellectually disabled. It may offer them more opportunities to develop and learn, and it sets higher goals for the entire population. Before, the goal was to have a person graduate from high school and be able to sustain a living, now some are going onto college. This is big.

BBC

Wednesday, May 10, 2006

Charter Schools

First, I have nothing against charter schools. There are some crappy public schools out there and if there are people who believe they can offer a better product to kids, more power to them.

There is a public charter school in my city that I've always heard about. I've heard some positive things and I've heard some negative things. The positives are all things that you want to hear about a school. The kids are improving tremendously academically; kids are passing the state competency tests, grades are up, kids are succeeding overall.

Unfortunately, all of the negative things that I had heard were there for me to witness. Kids have to wear uniforms, and the kids who have been disciplined either have to wear a plain t-shirt instead of the standard colored polo, or they wear an off-colored t-shirt. The kids who wear the white t-shirts only screwed up a little bit, they are still generally accepted by their classmates. The ones who wear the off-color t-shirts are basically ostracized. The younger grades have a morning meeting, where they have announcements and acknowledgements. The acknowledgement part is pretty cool, because it's important to recognize these kids and show them that education is a big deal and success is something to be praised. At this meeting, all the kids stand in a big circle, while the only kids who aren't in the circle are those wearing the off-color t-shirts. To me, it sent a message of "You don't belong." I'm all for discipline, but I thought it was a little bit harsh. They already stick out because they aren't wearing the standard uniform (which reminds me about a story about a military academy and cadets who had to wear one glove, but that story's for another time.) I just don't see a need for them to exist outside the circle. I thought a feeling of belonging is what we want in school.

From all the hoopla that I heard from people about the school, once I learned what they did I wasn't surprised. There's nothing magical about what they do. They have a low teacher-student ratio, administration deals with discipline so that it doesn't take away from instruction time, there is school culture that has high expectations for its students, everyone on the faculty is hired because they have a belief that all children can achieve. Once I learned this, my first thought was, "Duh?! That's how school is supposed to be. You mean the difference is that people believe that children can learn. I always knew that was the difference."

I'm not belittling what they do. They do extraordinary work. In fact, it's so ordinary in a way, I was expecting something bizarre. I was expecting to hear that they go home with the children and help them with homework each night or that the children are forced to folow a strict diet that enhances ability and motivation. You know, something bizarre.

One thing of note, this school hasn't been able to improve upon getting parents involved. This worries me, because one of the things I would like to work on as a school psychologist is getting more parents to become involved in their children's education.

In order to understand the lack of participation from parents, one must understand the dynamics within their situations. Some parents aren't comfortable with the educational process because school wasn't a good experience for them. If you grew up within the same awful school system; a system that made you feel dumb, a system that made you hate going to school, and a system that failed to prepare you for a job that would sustain you and your family, you would be a little wary. Also a lot of people in the lower and working class do not have the luxury of working 9-5. Many people are working odd hours, two and sometimes three jobs, and there is little time left to help with homework. Some of these parents are also going back to school for GEDs and college degrees to better themselves and their situation. I'm not trying to make excuses, this is the reality that many families are experiencing. On the other hand, some parents just don't care. They're neglectful and couldn't care less about their child's well-being and future. I once posed a question to someone. "If the school system gave parents an option of providing an education but parents would have to be involved, or daycare and supervision but no educational substance, how many would choose the latter?" This person was afraid to answer. I dare not offer a guess, but it is something I wonder about. Sometimes the apathy is too much to comprehend.

BBC

Tuesday, May 09, 2006

Why the name?

For those of you who have the privilege of reading this blog, but may not be well-versed in the world of school psychology, the name of this blog may go over your head. Many IQ and Achievement tests are kept in black briefcases, so I thought the name was apropos. I don't want to misrepresent the field and say that testing is all that we do. We do a lot of things in the school system, from consulting parents and teachers, devising behavior intervention plans, assisting teachers in developing alternative teaching strategies, and even some testing. So school psychologists, like anyone else in the education field, have to have a bag of tricks. School psychologists tend to carry a lot of bags, some of them being black briefcases.

BBC

 
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